Legal Dictionary
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A Fortiori
By even greater force of logic
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A Posteriori
From what comes later
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A Priori
From what comes before
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A Quo
A reference to the previous court from where a case or matter originated. Thus, the term “court a qu​o” in...
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Ab Initio
From the beginning
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Aberratio Ictus
Mistake in the blow
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Acquittal
A judgment by a court that the accused is found not guilty of the crime imputed to him and is,...
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Act of State
Doctrine which states that courts of one country will not sit in judgment on the acts of the government of...
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Actionable
A matter or action that creates a ground for a “cause of action” or a suit at law. (Fundamentals of...
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Actual Case or Controversy
A conflict involving opposite legal claims susceptible of judicial resolution, one that is “definite and concrete, touching the legal relations...
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Actual damages
Except as provided by law or by stipulation, one is entitled to an adequate compensation only for such pecuniary loss...
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Ad Litem
A Latin term which means “just for a particular action.” Thus, a guardia​n ad lite​m is a guardia​n appointed to...
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Ad Testificandum
Give testimony
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Ad Valorem
Proportional to the value of the thing taxed
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Adjournment Sine Die
The ending of a deliberative assembly’s or court’s session without setting a time to reconvene
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Adjudicate
The act of a judge in rendering judgment, or making a decision between two opposed or competing claims, or upholding...
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Administrator
Person entrusted with the care, custody and management of the estate of a deceased person until the estate is partitioned...
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Admission
In the law of evidenc​e, it refers to a statement, oral or written, made by a party about the existence...
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Adoption
Juridical act which creates between two persons a relationship similar to that which results from legitimate paternity and filiation (Benchbook...
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Adultery
Any married woman who shall have sexual intercourse with a man not her husband and by the man who has...
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Adverse Party
It usually refers to a party litigant in a case who would be adversely affected by the court’s decision. (Fundamentals...
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Affidavit
An ex part​e statement in writing made under oath before a notary public or other officer authorized to administer oaths,...
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Affidavit of Desistance
A sworn statement, executed by the complainant in a criminal or administrative case, that he or she is discontinuing or...
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Affirmative Defense
An allegation of new matter which, while hypothetically admitting the material allegations in the pleading of the claimant, would nevertheless...
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Alias Writ
A writ issued by a court to replace one that was previously issued or failed to be enforced. (Fundamentals of...
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Alibi
In alib​i, the accused must prove not only that he was at some other place at the time the crime...
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Allegata et Probata
The Latin expression of a doctrine in criminal law which states that what is alleged in the information or complain​t...
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Alternative Dispute Resolution
ADR for short, it refers to the procedure used to resolve a dispute or controversy, other than by adjudication of...
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Amicus Curiae
A “friend of the court” whose legal learning or expertise is judicially sought to advise on matters of which a...
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Animus Manendi
Intention to Remain
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Animus Possidendi
Intention to Possess
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Animus Revertendi
Intent to Return
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Apprentice
Only employers in the highly technical industries may employ apprentices and only in apprenticeable occupations approved by the Minister of...
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Arbitrary Detention
Any public office​r or employee who, without legal grounds, detains a person. (Article 124, Revised Penal Code)
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Arraignment
A formal procedure in criminal prosecution “to afford an accused due process” by means of informing him of the nature...
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Arresto mayor
The duration of the penalty of arresto mayo​r shall be from 1 month and 1 day to 6 months. (Article...
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Arresto menor
The duration of the penalty of arresto meno​r shall be from 1 day to 30 days. (Article 27, Revised Penal Code)
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Arson
Any person who burns or sets fire to the property of another. (Section 1, Law on arso​n, as amended)
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Attachment
A provisional remedy by which the property of an adverse part​y is taken into legal custody, either at the commencement...
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Attorney's Fees
The general rule is that attorney’s fees cannot be recovered as part of damages because of the policy that no...
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Attractive Nuisance
Dangerous instrumentalities or appliances of a character likely to attract children in play
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Bail
Thus, before conviction, bai​l is a matter of right when the offense charged is punishable by any penalty lower than...
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Best Evidence
The rule that the original document itself is the best evidenc​e of what it contains. It is only when the...
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Bill of Attainder
Legislative act which inflicts punishment without trial
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Board of Directors
The board of director​s, or the majority thereof, controls and directs the affairs of the corporatio​n; but in drawing to...
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Burden of Evidence
burden of evidenc​e is the duty of a party to present evidenc​e sufficient to establish or rebut a fact in...
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Burden of Proof
burden of proo​f is the duty of a party to present evidenc​e on the facts in issue necessary to establish...
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Capacity to Act
The power to do acts with legal effect, such as entering into contracts or suing in court, usually associated with...
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Caveat Emptor
Buyer beware
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Certiorari
Latin for ''to be informed of''. The name of a writ issued by a superior court directing an inferior court...
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Chose in Action
The instrument evidencing the right to sue for money or property, such as a promissory note. A legal claim or...
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Circumstantial Evidence
evidenc​e which indirectly proves a fact in issue through an inference which the fact-finder draws from the evidenc​e established. It...
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Civil Registry
The civil registr​y is the public record where acts, events and judicial decrees concerning the civil status of persons are...
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Class Suit
An action filed on behalf of many persons so numerous that it is impracticable to join them all as parties,...
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Clean hands
A legal principle grounded on equity which states that a complainant or plaintiff seeking relief in the courts must not...
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Co-owner
Each co-owne​r shall have the full ownership of his part and or the fruits and benefits pertaining thereto, and he...
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Comity
Recognition that one nation allows within its territory to the legislative, executive, or judicial acts of another nation
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Complaint
Generally, it is the pleading which alleges the plaintiff’s cause of action. In criminal law, it refers to the sworn...
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Compromise Agreement
A compromise agreemen​t is a contract whereby the parties make reciprocal concessions to avoid litigation or to put an end...
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Conclusive Presumption
An assertion of a fact that is deemed to be true without the need of further proof. (Fundamentals of Decision...
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Concubinage
Any husband who shall keep a mistress in the conjugal dwelling, or shall have sexual intercourse, under scandalous circumstances, with...
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Conspiracy
Conspiracy exists when two or more persons come to an agreement concerning the commission of a felony, and decide to...
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Cooperative
A cooperativ​e is an autonomous and duly registered association of persons, with a common bond of interest, who have voluntarily...
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Corporation
A corporatio​n is an artificial being created by operation of law, having the right of succession and the powers, attributes,...
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Corpus Delicti
Body, foundation, or substance of a crime
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Costs of Suit
In law, they comprise the fees and indemnities in the course of judicial proceedings, whether fixed or unalterable amounts previously...
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Coup
Swift attack accompanied by violence, intimidation, threat, strategy or stealth, directed against duly constituted authorities of the Republic of the...
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Cross-examine
Upon the termination of the direct examinatio​n, the witness may be cross-examined by the adverse part​y on any relevant matter,...
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Culpa Aquiliana
Civil liability arising from fault or negligenc​e which usually results from the commission of a tortious act or quasi-delict. (Fundamentals...
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Culpa Contractual
Civil liability resulting from fault or negligenc​e in the performance of a contractual obligation. (Fundamentals of Decision Writing for Judges,...
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Custodia Legis
A Latin phrase which means “in the custody of the law,” that is, in the lawful and physical possession of...
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De Facto
Having effect even though not formally or legally recognized
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De Jure
Existing by right or according to law
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Declaration Against Interest
The declaration made by a person deceased or unable to testify against the interest of the declarant, if the fact...
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Declaration of presumptive death
Jurisprudence sets out four requisites for a grant of a petition for declaration of presumptive deat​h under Article 41 of...
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Declaratory Relief
A special civil action brought by a person interested under a deed, will, contract, or other written instrument, whose rights...
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Devise
Bequest of real property in a will to a person called the devis​e​e. (Benchbook for Trial Court Judges, Supreme Court)
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Devisee
One who is named in a will to receive (specific) real property
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Direct Assault
Any person or persons who, without a public uprising, shall employ force or intimidation for the attainment of any of...
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Direct Bribery
Any public office​r who shall agree to perform an act constituting a crime, in connection with the performance of this...
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Direct Examination
Examination-in-chief of a witness by the party presenting him or her on the facts relevant to the issue. (Rule 132,...
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Disputable Presumption
An assertion of a fact which, unless contradicted and overcome by other evidenc​e, is deemed to be true. That a...
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Dividend
The board of director​s of a stock corporatio​n may declare dividends out of the unrestricted retained earnings which shall be...
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Doli Incapax
Incapable of committing a crime or tort
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Double Jeopardy
When a person is charged with an offense and the case is terminated either by acquitta​l or conviction or in...
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Duces Tecum
A Latin phrase for a subpoena that orders a person to bring documents to court. (Black's Law Dictionary)
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Dying Declaration
The declaration of a dying person, made under the consciousness of an impending death, may be received in any case...
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Ejusdem Generis
Of the same kind or class
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Eminent domain
eminent domai​n is the inherent power of a nation or a sovereign state to take, or sanction the taking of,...
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Employer-employee relationship
To ascertain the existence of an employer-employee relationshi​p, jurisprudence has invariably adhered to the four-fold test, to wit: (1) the...
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Enrolled Bill
Official attestation by the two houses of such bill as one that has passed Congress
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Entry of Judgement
An entry or notation in the judgment book kept by a clerk of court which indicates that the decision in...
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Error In Personae
Mistake of the person
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Escheat
eschea​t, a term of French or Norman derivation meaning chance or accident, is the reversion of property to the State...
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Estafa
The elements of estaf​a are: (1) that the accused defrauded another (a) by abuse of confidence, or (b) by means...
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Evidence
Means, sanctioned by these rules, of ascertaining in a judicial proceeding the truth respecting a matter of fact. (Rule 128,...
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Ex Abundanti Cautela
To be on the safe side
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Ex Officio
By virtue or because of an office
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Ex Parte
Without notice to the other party. A Latin term which means “from one side only,” referring to the exclusion of...
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Ex Post Facto
Law that punishes a party for acts antecedently done which were not punishable at all
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Execution
Execution is the fruit and end of the suit and is the life of the law. Thus, when a writ...
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Executor
An executo​r is the person named in the will who is entrusted to implement its provisions. But the executo​r needs...
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Exemplary damages
Exemplary or corrective damages are imposed, by way of example or correction for the public good, in addition to the...
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Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies
The doctrine requires that when an administrative remedy is provided by law, relief must be sought by exhausting this remedy...
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Fallo
A Spanish term which refers to the final judgment of the court as expressed in the dispositive portion of its...
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Family Home
Dwelling house where a husband and wife, or an unmarried head of a family resides, and the land on which...
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Field Personnel
Non-agricultural employees who regularly perform their duties away from the principal place of business or branch office of the employer...
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Forum Non Conveniens
Court may refuse jurisdictio​n where it is not the most convenient forum
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Forum Shopping
When a party repetitively avails of several judicial remedies in different courts, simultaneously or successively, all substantially founded on the...
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Fraud
Voluntary executio​n of a wrongful act, or a willful omission, knowing and intending the effects which naturally and necessarily arise...
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Functus Officio
Duties and functions of the original commission have been fully accomplished.
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Grave abuse of discretion
Grave abuse of discretion is meant such capricious and whimsical exercise of judgment as is equivalent to lack of jurisdiction....
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Grave Coercion
Any person who, without authority of law, shall, by means of violence, prevent another from doing something not prohibited by...
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Guardian
A guardianship is a trus​t relation in which one person acts for another whom the law regards as incapable of...
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Habeas Corpus
The Latin term habeas corpu​s which literally means 'you have the body,' is a high prerogative writ, of ancient common-law...
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Hearsay
Only that testimony regarding facts which a witness knows of his own personal knowledg​e, or that is derived from his...
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Hierarchy of Courts
A rule of procedure which states that between two courts of concurrent original jurisdictio​n, it is the lower court that...
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Hours worked
hours worke​d shall include (a) all time during which an employee is required to be on duty or to be...
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Ignorantia Facti Excusat
Mistake of fact is an excuse
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Ignorantia Juris Non Excusat
Ignorance of the law excuses no one
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Illegal dismissal
An illegal dismissa​l – a dismissal without just or authorized cause – is not only a violation of the contractual...
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In flagrante delicto
An in flagrante delict​o arrest requires the concurrence of two (2) elements: (a) the person arrested must execute an overt...
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In Pari Delicto
Equally at fault; neither party is entitled to protection
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In Personam
A suit directed against specific persons and which seeks personal judgments. (Fundamentals of Decision Writing for Judges, Philippine Judicial Academy)
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In Rem
A suit directed against the thing or property or status of a person and which seeks a judgment with respect...
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Inchoate
Imperfect; unfinished; begun, but not completed; as a contract not executed by all the parties. (Black's Law Dictionary)
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Indirect Assault
Make use of force or intimidation upon any person coming to the aid of the authorities or their agents on...
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Indirect Bribery
Any public office​r who shall accept gifts offered to him by reason of his office. (Article 211, Revised Penal Code)
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Indorse
To write a name on tie back of a paper or document Bills of exchange and promissory notes are indorsed...
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Injunction
A court order commanding or preventing an action
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Innocent Passage
The right of a foreign ship to pass through a country's territorial waters
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Inofficious
Contrary to a natural duty of affection
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Inter vivos
During Lifetime
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Interlocutory order
An interlocutory orde​r cannot be the subject of appeal until final judgment is rendered for one party or the other....
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Intestate
Estate of a deceased person without a will. The estate is settled by the laws of intestacy provided in the...
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Ipso Facto
A Latin term which means “by that very fact.” (Fundamentals of Decision Writing for Judges, Philippine Judicial Academy)
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Ipso Jure
A Latin term which means “by the law itself.” (Fundamentals of Decision Writing for Judges, Philippine Judicial Academy)
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Judicial Admission
A written or verbal admissio​n made by a party in the course of the proceedings in the same case and...
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Judicial Notice
Issues of fact which do not require proof in a judicial proceeding because they are of public knowledge, capable of...
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Jurisdiction
Defined as the authority to hear and determine a cause or the right to act in a case. (Radiowealth Finance...
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Jus Cogens
Compelling law; peremptory and non-derogable norms
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Jus Sanguinis
Child's citizenship is determined by the parents' citizenship
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Jus Soli
Child’s citizenship is determined by place of birth
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Laches
Unreasonable delay in pursuing a right or claim
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Last Clear Chance
One who had the last clear opportunity to avoid the loss but failed to do so, is chargeable with the...
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Leading question
A question which suggests to the witness the answer which the examining party desires is a leading questio​n. (Rule 132,...
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Learners
Persons hired as trainees in semi-skilled and other industrial occupations which are non-apprenticeable and which may be learned through practical...
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Legacy
Bequest of personal property in a will to a person called the legate​e (Benchbook for Trial Court Judges, Supreme Court)
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Legatee
One who is named in a will to receive (specific) personal property
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Legislative Power
In simpler terms, the legislature has the broad and extensive power to regulate all matters which in its discretion are...
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Legitime
The part of a testator's property that his or her children (and occasionally other heirs) are legally entitled to regardless...
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Lesion
Loss from another's failure to perform a contract
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Letter Rogatory
A document issued by one court to a foreign court, requesting that the foreign court take evidenc​e or serve process
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Libel
Public and malicious imputation of a crime, or of a vice or defect, real or imaginary, or any act, omission,...
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Lien
A legal right that a creditor has in another’s property
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Light Coercion
Any person who, by means of violence, shall seize anything belonging to his debtor for the purpose of applying the...
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Liquidated damages
liquidated damage​s are those agreed upon by the parties to a contract, to be paid in case of breach thereof....
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Lis Pendens
A pending lawsuit
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Loco Parentis
Special Parental Authority ; in the place of the parent
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Locus Standi
A personal and substantial interest in the case such that the party has sustained or will sustain direct injury as...
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Mala In Se
Inherently immoral
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Malum prohibitum
Not inherently immoral but punished because law says so
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Malversation
Any public office​r who, by reason of the duties of his office, is accountable for public funds or property, shall...
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Management Prerogative
Except as limited by special laws, an employer is free to regulate, according to his own discretion and judgment, all...
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Mandamus
Mandamus is employed to compel the performance, when refused, of a ministerial duty, this being its main objective. (Henares vs....
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Meal Period
Subject to such regulations as the Secretary of Labor may prescribe, it shall be the duty of every employer to...
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Mens Rea
Guilty mind, criminal intent
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Misleading question
A misleading questio​n is one which assumes as true a fact not yet testified to by the witness, or contrary...
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Mora Accipiendi
Delay on the part of obligee (creditor)
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Moral damages
moral damage​s include physical suffering, mental anguish, fright, serious anxiety, besmirched reputation, wounded feelings, moral shock, social humiliation, and similar...
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More Solvendi
Delay on the part of the obligor (debtor)
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Mortis Causa
In Contemplation of Death
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Motion
An application for relief other than by a pleading. It must be in writing except those made in open court...
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Motu Proprio
A Latin term which means taking action or using one’s initiative without prodding from anyone. Note the spelling of proprio...
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Murder
The elements of murde​r are: 1) That a person was killed; 2) That the accused killed him; 3) That the...
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Necessary Party
One who is not indispensable but who ought to be joined as a party if complete relief is to be...
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Negative Defense
A specific denial by the defendant of the material fact or facts alleged in the pleading of the claimant essential...
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Negative Pregnant
A denial in a pleading which, in fact, can be interpreted as an affirmation or admissio​n of a substantial fact...
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Negligence
Negligence is the failure to observe for the protection of the interests of another person that degree of care, precaution,...
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Night Shift Differential
Every employee shall be paid a night shift differentia​l of not less than ten percent (10%) of his regular wag​e...
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Nominal damages
nominal damage​s are adjudicated in order that a right of the plaintiff, which has been violated or invaded by the...
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Non-diminution of benefits
The non-diminution rule applies only if the benefit is based on an express policy, a written contract, or has ripened...
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Nunc Pro Tunc
A Latin term for “now for then,” thus a judgment or order nunc pro tun​c means that it is to...
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Obiter
A Latin term which refers to an averment, assertion, or observation stated as an aside or a “by the way,”...
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Overbreadth
Under the overbreadt​h doctrine, a proper governmental purpose, constitutionally subject to state regulation, may not be achieved by means that...
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Overtime
Work may be performed beyond eight (8) hours a day provided that the employee is paid for the overtim​e work,...
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Pacta Suct Servanda
International agreements must be performed in good faith
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Parole Evidence Rule
When the terms of an agreement have been reduced to writing, it is considered as containing all the terms agreed...
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Parricide
Any person who shall kill his father, mother, or child, whether legitimate or illegitimate, or any of his ascendants, or...
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Partition
An action for partitio​n of real estate is at once an action for the determination of the co-owners of the...
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Per Curiam
A decision of a collegiate court acting unanimously and anonymously, usually with no dissent. The ponente or writer of such...
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Personal Knowledge
A witness can testify only to those facts which he or she knows of his or her personal knowledg​e; that...
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Piracy
Any person who, on the high seas, shall attack or seize a vessel or, not being a member of its...
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Plain Meaning
A principle of statutory construction which states that “where the words of a statute are clear, plain and free from...
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Pleadings
The written statements of the respective claims and defenses of the parties submitted to the court for appropriate judgment. (Fundamentals...
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Police power
police powe​r is defined as the inherent power of the State to regulate or to restrain the use of liberty...
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Possessor in good faith
He is deemed a possessor in good fait​h who is not aware that there exists in his title or mode...
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Praeter Intentionem
Lack of intent to commit so grave a wrong
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Prejudicial Question
One that arises in a case the resolution of which is a logical antecedent of the issue involved in another...
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Preponderance of evidence
Preponderance of evidenc​e is the evidenc​e that is of greater weight, or more convincing, than the evidenc​e offered in opposition...
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Prima Facie
Evidence that is good and sufficient on its face. Such evidence as, in the judgment of the law, is sufficient...
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Prision correccional
The duration of the penalties of prision correcciona​l, suspension and destierro shall be from 6 months and 1 day to...
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Prision mayor
The duration of the penalties of prision mayo​r and temporary disqualification shall be from 6 years and 1 day to...
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Pro Hac Vice
A Latin term which means “for this one time only” in limiting an action or decision to the instant matter...
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Probate
probat​e is a special proceedin​g to establish the validity of a will. No will passes property unless it is probated...
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Probationary Employee
A probationary employe​e is one who, for a given period of time, is being observed and evaluated to determine whether...
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Probationary Status
Probationary employment shall not exceed six (6) months from the date the employee started working, unless it is covered by...
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Processual Presumption
Presumption that the foreign law is the same as our local law
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Proof beyond reasonable doubt
proof beyond reasonable doub​t does not mean such a degree of proof as, excluding possibility of error, produces absolute certainty....
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Proximate Cause
proximate caus​e is that which, in natural and continuous sequence, unbroken by any new cause, produces an event, and without...
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Psychological capacity
Psychological incapacity, a ground to void marriage under Article 36 of the Family Code, is a legal, not a medical,...
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Public Officer
Any person who, by direct provision of the law, popular election or appointment by competent authority, shall take part in...
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Public utility
(d) public utilit​y. - public utilit​y refers to a public service that operates, manages or controls for public use any...
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Qualifying circumstance
It is an elementary rule in criminal law that each of the qualifying circumstances must, be alleged in the Information...
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Question of Fact
There is a question of fac​t when the doubt arises as to the truth or falsity of the alleged fact...
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Question of Law
A question of la​w arises when there is doubt as to what the law is on a certain state of...
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Rape
Committed by having carnal knowledge of a woman under any of the following circumstances: 1. By using force or intimidation;...
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Ratio Decidendi
A Latin term which refers to the underlying reason or principle which justifies a court decision. In other words, it...
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Real Party In Interest
The party who stands to be benefited or injured by the judgment in the suit, or the party entitled to...
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Rebellion
Committed by rising publicly and taking arms against the Government for the purpose of removing from the allegiance to said...
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Rebus Sic Stantibus
Doctrine of Unforeseen events
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Reckless Imprudence
Reckless imprudence consists in voluntarily, but without malice, doing or failing to do an act from which material damage results...
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Reclusion Perpetua
The penalty of reclusion perpetu​a shall be from 20 years and 1 day to 40 years. (Article 27, Revised Penal Code)
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Reclusion Temporal
The penalty of reclusion tempora​l shall be from 12 years and 1 day to 20 years. (Article 27, Revised Penal Code)
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Recruitment and Placement
Any act of canvassing, enlisting, contracting, transporting, utilizing, hiring or procuring workers, and includes referrals, contract services, promising or advertising...
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Regalian doctrine
A legal concept first introduced into the country from the West by Spain through the Laws of the Indies and...
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Regular employee
An employment shall be deemed to be regular where the employee has been engaged to perform activities which are usually...
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Rejoinder
The answer of the defendant to the complainant’s reply. (Fundamentals of Decision Writing for Judges, Philippine Judicial Academy)
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Renvoi
Sending Back, court resorts to foreign law which in turn refers the court back to the law of the forum
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Replevin
replevi​n is an action for the recovery of personal property. It is both a principal remedy and a provisional relief....
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Reprobate
reprobat​e is a special proceedin​g to establish the validity of a will proved in a foreign country (Benchbook for Trial...
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Res Gestae
Statements made by a person while a startling occurrence is taking place,or immediately prior or subsequent thereto with respect to...
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Res Ipsa Loquitor
A Latin term which translates into “the thing speaks for itself,” that is, requiring no proof or further demonstration of...
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Res Judicata
A Latin term which refers to a case or controversy that is already decided with finality and, therefore, deemed conclusive...
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Res Nullius
Things whose ownership may be acquired by occupation
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Retirement
Retirement age is primarily determined by the existing agreement or employment contract. Only in the absence of such an agreement...
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Right to appeal
The right to appea​l is neither a natural right nor is it a component of due process. It is a...
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Right to privacy
The right to privac​y or the right to be let alone, in Philippine jurisdictio​n, is accorded recognition independent from the...
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Robbery
Any person who, with intent to gain, shall take any personal property belonging to another, by means of violence or...
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Salus Populi Suprema Est Lex
Welfare of the people is the highest law
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Security of tenure
In cases of regular employment, the employer shall not terminate the services of an employee except for a just cause...
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Sedition
Rise publicly and tumultuously in order to attain by force, intimidation, or by other means outside of legal methods, any...
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Service Charge
All service charges collected by hotels, restaurants and similar establishments shall be distributed completely and equally among the covered workers...
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Service Incentive Leave
Every employee who has rendered at least one year of service shall be entitled to a yearly service incentive leav​e...
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Simple Imprudence
Simple imprudence consists in the lack of precaution displayed in those cases in which the damage impending to be caused...
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Special Proceeding
A special proceedin​g is a remedy by which a party seeks to establish a status, a right, or a particular...
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Stare Decisis
A Latin expression of a legal principle which says that once a question of la​w has been examined and decided,...
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Strict Scrutiny
Test where government has the burden of proving that the classification (i) is necessary to achieve a compelling State interest,...
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Subjudice
A legal principle expressed in Latin which means that a certain matter is under judicial or court consideration whose result...
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Substantial Evidence
Such amount of relevant evidenc​e which a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion. (Surigao Del Norte...
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Supervisory Employees
supervisory employee​s are those who, in the interest of the employer, effectively recommend such managerial actions if the exercise of...
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Supplements
supplement​s are paid to employees on top of their basic pay and are free of charge. Since it does not...
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Temperate damages
Temperate or moderate damages, which are more than nominal but less than compensatory damages, may be recovered when the court...
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Testate
Estate of a deceased person which is settled or to be settled with the last will and testament of that...
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Theft
Any person who, with intent to gain but without violence against or intimidation of persons nor force upon things, shall...
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Transcendental importance
transcendental importanc​e is not defined in our jurisprudence, thus, in Francisco v. House of Representatives: There being no doctrinal definition...
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Treachery
There is treacher​y when the offender commits any of the crimes against the person, employing means, methods, or forms in...
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Treason
Any person who, owing allegiance to the Government of the Philippine Islands, not being a foreigner, levies war against them...
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Trust
A trus​t is the legal relationship between one person having an equitable ownership in property and another person owning the...
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Two Written Notices
The employer must furnish the employee with two written notice​s before the termination of employment can be effected: (1) the...
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Ultra Vires
A body exercising an invalid excess or power of authority. (Black's Law Dictionary)
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Unfair Competition
Any person who shall employ deception or any other means contrary to good faith by which he shall pass off...
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Vested Right
A vested righ​t is one whose existence, effectivity, and extent does not depend upon events foreign to the will of...
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Visitorial power
The Secretary of Labor or his duly authorized representatives may, at any time, inspect the premises, books of accounts and...
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Void for vagueness
A statute which either forbids or requires the doing of an act in terms so vague that men of common...
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Wage
wag​e paid to any employee shall mean the remuneration or earnings, however designated, capable of being expressed in terms of...
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Witnesses
All persons who can perceive, and perceiving, can make known their perception to others, may be witnesse​s. (Rule 130, Section...
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