Voluntary executio​n of a wrongful act, or a willful omission, knowing and intending the effects which naturally and necessarily arise from such act. or omission. In its general sense, frau​d is deemed to comprise anything calculated to deceive, including all acts and omissions and concealment involving a breach of legal or ethical duty, trus​t, or confidence justly reposed, resulting in damage to another, or by which an undue and unconscientious advantage is taken of another. (Spouses Dulay v. People G.R. No. 215132 September 13, 2021)